In lupus erythematosus, IFNs, particularly IFN-κ and IFN-α, amplify inflammatory cascades in the skin characterized by cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10), resulting in sustained immune cell infiltration. Here, CXCL9 is linked to lupus erythematosus.