With greater innovation on this front, the increasing “personalized” approach to vaccine therapeutic development in lung cancer facilitates CD8+ T cell augmented Signal-1 (antigen-specific) responses against a variety of both TSAs and/or TAAs: The combined specificity in the system brings an advance over potent but less specific (e.g., ICI) approaches, while ongoing studies are looking to adopt integration of both modalities (99, 102). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and lung cancer.