CD8A and lung carcinoma: With greater innovation on this front, the increasing “personalized” approach to vaccine therapeutic development in lung cancer facilitates CD8+ T cell augmented Signal-1 (antigen-specific) responses against a variety of both TSAs and/or TAAs: The combined specificity in the system brings an advance over potent but less specific (e.g., ICI) approaches, while ongoing studies are looking to adopt integration of both modalities (99, 102).