TLR4 and Neonatal sepsis: This stimulates Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) on epithelialcells, leading to their apoptosis and the disruption of intestinal epithelialbarrier integrity, as well as triggering a pronounced inflammatory reactionmediated by TNFα, IL-1β, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines[35].Ultimately, these processes increase therisk of developing neonatal sepsis or a local inflammation(Fig. 1)[6,36,37].