TNF and cardiac hypertrophy: Overexpression of the MR can promote proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and pro-fibrotic factors like transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and collagen I/III, leading to myocardial hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and vascular endothelial dysfunction.