Key UPR pathways (PERK, IRE1α, ATF6) are dysregulated in NSCLC, enabling cancer cells to evade apoptosis while adapting to hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and therapeutic insults (Salvagno et al., 2022; Zhang W. et al., 2024). Here, EIF2AK3 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.