ACTA1 and hypertrophy: In contrast to TZD treatment which is associated with cardiac hypertrophy (Khalaf and Taegtmeyer, 2012), 4-wk TPMD treatment did not increase heart weight (Fig. 5B, C), underpinned by the blunted induction of cardiac genes associated with heart failure or hypertrophy, including myosin heavy chain β (β-Mhc, also Myh7), natriuretic peptide b (Nppb), Bnp, and Acta1 (Fig. 5D) (Choi et al., 2011).