Furthermore, in a scopolamine-induced AD model, it was found that vitamin B12 decreased hippocampal inflammation [Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and neurexin 1 and neuroligin] and apoptosis markers (COX-2 and activated caspase-3) and preserved pre- and post-synaptic proteins and possibly synaptic integrity in the hippocampus (173). This evidence concerns the gene DLG4 and Alzheimer disease.