IL4 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Maca can decrease testosterone propionate–induced BPH by preventing dihydrotestosterone conversion (Zou et al., 2017) and can regulate inflammation in patients with BPH by boosting the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IFN-γ) and reducing those of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α) (Vásquez-Velásquez et al., 2020; Ulloa Del Carpio et al., 2024).