AIRE and Sepsis: In line with this, Zhao et al. (2022) reported that both Lactobacillus and PGA1 were positively associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL1) in brain tissues, suggesting that Lactobacillus may promote sepsis-related neuroinflammation via PGA1 up-regulation (Zhao et al., 2022).