T cells infiltrating the tumor parenchyma are influenced by suppressor immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), as well as cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β), negative co-stimulatory molecules, and hypoxic conditions, all of which modulate the anti-tumor efficacy of T cells (29, 30). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.