In respiratory diseases (ALI, asthma), nanoscale GLPS inhibits the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway to alleviate ALI (214), while chitosan nanoparticles penetrate respiratory epithelial tight junctions to enhance mucosal immunity (e.g., promoting sIgA secretion) and block pathogen invasion (242, 243)—offering new strategies for respiratory inflammation. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome.