TNF and osteoporosis: Conventional anti-inflammatory therapies, including Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, biologics (e.g., anti-TNF-α antibodies), and antibiotics, have inherent limitations: they relieve symptoms in the short term but do not cure the root cause, may cause drug resistance (e.g., ineffective anti-TNF-α antibodies), have safety risks (e.g., osteoporosis from long-term corticosteroid use), lack good targeting (easily damaging healthy tissues), and have low bioavailability (susceptible to degradation and hard to penetrate biological barriers) (6–9).