CCL2, or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor CCR2, have been positively correlated with PF (105, 106), as evident from two-fold increase of CCL2 in BLM-induced fibrosis; higher level of CCL2 in BALF (154.3 pg/ml and 427.2 pg/ml) has been observed for surviving and non-surviving patients, respectively (8, 107). Here, CCL2 is linked to fibrosis.