The infiltration of fully mature DCs (expressing CD40, CD83, CD86, DC-lysosome associated membrane protein) along with non-proliferating T and B lymphocytes, has been observed in IPF lung contributing to the formation of ectopic organized lymphoid structures (91, 93) (Figure 3Bi). Homeostatic chemokines, CCL19, CXCL12 and CCL21, bring about DC recruitment and lymphoid neogenesis via the activation of lymphotoxin, LTα1β2 (91). The gene discussed is CCL21; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.