Its multifunctional role encompasses enhancing endothelial acid tolerance through acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) [32] suppression in cerebral ischemia, maintaining vascular stability by regulating the RTEF-1/VEGF axis in high-altitude cerebral edema [33], and mitigating barrier structural damage by influencing factors like MMP-15 in traumatic brain injury [34]. Here, VEGFA is linked to brain edema.