MAPK3 and cancer: In addition, the overexpression of SIRT1 has been shown to contribute to chemoresistance in various cancer types, including AML [15,35,36,37], by promoting the activation of ERK1/2, Akt, and BCL-2 signaling pathways [38,39,40,41], while downregulating tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and PTEN [42,43,44,45].