APP and Alzheimer disease: As shown in Figure 9, AlCl3 administration induced significant pathological alterations associated with Alzheimer’s disease, evidenced by marked upregulation of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) by 17.7-, 20.5-, and 32.1-fold, respectively, compared to the control group (p < 0.05).