PPARG and type 2 diabetes mellitus: These beneficial therapeutic outcomes are attributed to berberine’s multi-target mechanisms, which involve AMPK, PPARγ, and inflammatory pathways, and its simultaneous actions on multiple organs and systems such as the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and intestine [76,77,123,124,125,127,191], Consequently, berberine exerts comprehensive therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes and its complications.