HMGB1 and atherosclerosis: Additionally, evidence suggests that metformin can regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis through multiple mechanisms, including reducing monocyte differentiation; inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, polarization, foam cell formation, and macrophage apoptosis; and acting via AMPK, AMPK-independent targets, NF-κB, ABCG5/8, Sirt1, FOXO1/FABP4, and HMGB1 [27,46].