Figure 5 illustrates the dual role of BTLA in suppressing anti-tumor immunity within the TME. From a therapeutic standpoint, this dual effect positions BTLA as an attractive target. Blocking BTLA may simultaneously restore effector T cell activity and disrupt Treg-mediated suppression, potentially enhancing the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade [80]. Preclinical studies have shown that BTLA inhibition can improve CD8+ T cell function and reduce Treg infiltration or activity within tumors, supporting its inclusion in combination immunotherapy strategies. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.