TLR4 and infection: During infection and invasion by members of the F. nucleatum group, after binding with the host cell toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the produced LPS interacts with the Toll/il-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor, triggering IFN-β (via TRIF) and subsequently myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) recruitment.