Conventional imaging (mammography, ultrasound) relies predominantly on morphological differences, whereas nano-probes—superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles for MRI, gold nanorods for CT, quantum dots for NIR-II fluorescence—achieve active tumor accumulation through ligand-mediated targeting (anti-HER2, RGD peptides, etc.), elevating signal-to-noise ratios and lowering detection limits to sub-millimetre lesions. Here, ERBB2 is linked to neoplasm.