Across randomized controlled trials and recent meta-analyses, TRE in adults with overweight or obesity produces modest but consistent reductions in body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, fasting insulin, and blood pressure, while effects on fasting glucose and HbA1c are smaller and often nonsignificant [52,53,54,55,56]. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.