TNF and colitis: In models of acute or systemic inflammation, including carrageenan-induced pleurisy [33], nociception and paw edema [32], and DSS-induced colitis [36], treatment decreased leukocyte migration, Th1/Th17 polarization, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and increased IL-10.