TNF and colitis: Mechanistically validated by Liang et al. [56], polysaccharides in D. officinale (DOPs) modulate inflammatory responses through the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway, effectively rebalancing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios (notably reducing TNF-α and IL-1β levels) while attenuating colonic mucosal inflammation in acute colitis models.