VEGFA and central nervous system cancer: Under the influence of glioma-derived cytokines such as IL-6 and CCL2, they differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that secrete transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), fostering an immunosuppressive and pro-invasive microenvironment [16].