NF1 and epilepsy: In NF1, caused by loss of function of NF1 and reduced activity of neurofibromin in the RAS–MEK–MAPK–ERK signaling cascade, epilepsy occurs in 5–6% of patients, although ISs account for only a small fraction and the overall prognosis of spasms in NF1 tends to be better than in structural or metabolic causes [135,137].