TFAM and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In this study, EA was shown to restore skeletal muscle cellular morphology and function, enhance ATP production, ameliorate hyperinsulinemia and IR, reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, and ultimately alleviate glucose metabolism disorders in T2DM rats, likely through AMPK/PGC-1α/TFAM pathway-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose metabolism regulation.