For example, in mutant KRAS-driven colorectal cancer cells, drug-induced activation of mutant KRAS promoted mitophagy and mitochondrial fission via phosphorylation of AKT and ROS generation, leading to cell death.319 During stress conditions in the brain, high levels of ROS contribute to astrocytes dysfunction, which consequently impairs tissue regeneration or aggravates neurotoxicity. Here, KRAS is linked to colorectal cancer.