By comparing malignant and non‐malignant epithelial cells in PSC, malignant cells showed high expression of marker genes associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumour metabolism regulation related genes, such as HMGA2, FN1, PDE10A, and PCAT1 (Extended Data Figure 5A,B). This evidence concerns the gene HMGA2 and neoplasm.