Furthermore, CX3CR1+ MNP-secreted TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A) in response to IBD-associated microbiota promotes OX40L expression on MHCII+ ILC3s, which further co-stimulates pathogenic Th1 cell expansion and consequently induces chronic T cell colitis [87]. This evidence concerns the gene CX3CR1 and inflammatory bowel disease.