TLR4 and systemic lupus erythematosus: 2024). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is a natural activator of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and is used to stimulate human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs) to establish in vitro models (L. Chen et al., 2024). The present study investigates the possible mechanism of JZD in ameliorating renal damage in SLE through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in-vivo (using MRL/lpr mice as an animal model) and in-vitro [LPS-induced simulated renal damage in HMCs] experiments.