TGFB1 and atherosclerosis: TGF-β2 and activin A are critical factors inducing EndMT during cardiac valves development [49] and in cultured endothelial cells [50, 51], and, along with other members of the TGF-β family, drive EndMT and pathologic vascular remodeling in atherosclerosis, vein graft reocclusion, kidney fibrosis, and disturbed blood flow [34–36, 52].