In autoimmune models (MS, RA), PBMT primarily acts through suppression of NF-κB and NLRP3; in neurodegeneration, through AMPK and JAK/STAT activation; and in injury models, through Notch1–HIF-1α, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and autophagy regulation. The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.