ACP5 and inflammatory bowel disease: For instance, Roseburia abundance correlates with increased TRAP activity and osteoclastogenesis [63], while Desulfovibrio, a predominant sulphate-reducing bacterium, is elevated in inflammatory bowel disease and correlates with inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1B, and IL-17A, and bone resorption markers such as CTX-1, suggesting its contribution to leaky gut and systemic inflammation [58, 64].