TNF and epilepsy: 2022; Sanz and Garcia‐Gimeno 2020). The single‐gene GSEA of the four DE‐SRGs revealed that IER3, TNF, GPANK1, and ATF6B are involved in numerous pathways associated with inflammation, apoptosis, and immune response. The involvement of these genes in TNFα signaling via NF‐κb and other inflammatory pathways is particularly noteworthy, as it suggests a potential therapeutic target for modulating the inflammatory response in epilepsy. This is supported by studies showing that inhibition of TNFα signaling can ameliorate seizure activity (Henning et al. 2023).