PCSK9 and atherosclerosis: Monoclonal antibody therapies for cardiovascular indications (such as PCSK9 inhibitors (evolocumab, alirocumab) and anti-inflammatory agents (such as canakinumab, which targets IL-1β for atherosclerosis)) typically require 6-month non-human primate toxicology studies estimated to cost $2 million or more [11,12].