TGFB1 and cancer: Under the stimulation of factors such as Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Wnt, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), cancer cells undergo EMT, characterized by the downregulation of epithelial markers such as E-cadherin and cytokeratin, and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers including vimentin, N-cadherin, Snail, and Twist, supported by in vitro data [48].