INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The discrepancies in the gut microbiome profiles by GG may be attributed to several factors: (i) the use of different animal models (HFD-induced obese T2DM mouse model in Chung’s study vs. HFD + STZ-induced rat DNP model in this study), (ii) differing durations of GG intervention (14 weeks vs. 6 weeks), and (iii) differential effects on T2DM progression, as indicated by IPGTT and IPITT (improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in Chung’s study [18] vs. no change in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in this study).