TNF and neoplasm: In line with this, Park et al. demonstrated that TTFields treatment of RAW264.7 macrophages elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and enhanced macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells through NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation [38].