Molecularly targeted agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for patients harboring EGFR, ALK, ROS1, or MET alterations [34,35], and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 [36,37,38] have transformed outcomes in genetically defined NSCLC populations. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and non-small cell lung carcinoma.