To address these needs, early identification and monitoring of atherosclerosis using recent developments in diagnostic techniques (e.g., intravascular ultrasound, microscopy imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography), laboratory testing (e.g., lipoprotein(a), imidazole propionate, and apolipoprotein B), and genetic techniques (e.g., microRNAs, whole-blood gene expression profiles) remain crucial. This evidence concerns the gene APOB and atherosclerosis.