Beyond A3243G, additional mt-tRNA mutations associated with diabetes include T3264C in tRNALeu (diabetes mellitus) and C3254A (gestational diabetes), T12317C in tRNALeu(CUN) and T12278C, T10003C in tRNAGly, and T4289C in tRNAIle, highlighting the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic β-cell failure and insulin secretion [110,114]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.