HMGB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: More broadly, HMGB1 promotes mitophagy to eliminate damaged mitochondria before apoptotic signals can propagate [66,121]; the PARP1/HMGB1 node acts as a molecular switch that biases cells toward autophagy over apoptosis and contributes to chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma [69,122,123].