INS and atherosclerosis: The ten most relevant pathways were grouped into four key themes: (1) inflammation and immunity, including complement and coagulation cascades and efferocytosis; (2) metabolic dysregulation, such as insulin resistance and adipocytokine signaling pathway; (3) vascular and oxidative damage, exemplified by the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications and fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis; and (4) neurological dysfunction, involving the synaptic vesicle cycle and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction (Figure 2E).