ARF1 and cancer: The CAD-associated pathway regulating ARF1 activation has been implicated in cancer cell growth, migration, and survival—for example, the CAD antihistamine azelastine directly targets ARF1 and suppresses oncogenic signaling [16]—while ARF1 itself drives (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase) PI3K- and (Protein Kinase B) AKT-dependent migration/proliferation [19].