SMAD4 and neoplasm: Specifically, recurrent alterations in transforming growth factor beta receptor type 2 (TGFBR2), SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2), and SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) genes were detected, potentially impairing TGF-β signalling and underscoring the role of immune dysregulation in tumour biology [16].