Based on this approach, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12 showed the highest discriminative ability between tumour and normal tissue (AUC 0.76, 0.65 and 0.65, respectively; Table 2), while TGF-β1 and IL-1α yielded AUC values close to 0.5, indicating limited diagnostic value. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is neoplasm.