AR and prostate cancer: In prostate cancer models, andrographolide reduces androgen receptor (AR) expression and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activity, promoting G2/M phase arrest and intrinsic apoptosis through upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9, and concurrent downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 [22,23].