BRCA1 and prostate cancer: At the molecular level, mutations in genes such as breast cancer 1 (BRCA1), breast cancer 2 (BRCA2), PTEN, and homeobox B13 (HOXB13) have been strongly associated with prostate cancer development, disrupting key pathways related to DNA repair, tumor suppression, and androgen signaling, highlighting the importance of molecular profiling for both risk prediction and targeted therapy [5].