AIRE and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: Inactivating mutations of AIRE causes autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), a monogenic disorder in which 12–30% of males develop primary hypogonadism with anti-sperm autoantibodies [42,43] In Aire-deficient mice, infertility is multifactorial: males show impaired mating, reduced testosterone, defective sperm fertilization, and autoimmune infiltration of the testis, epididymis, and prostate [42].