HRAS and dysplasia: For example, Cyclin D1, PTEN, and Cornulin serve as markers of transformation with a consistent and predictable pattern of expression from dysplasia to OSCC [46,67,69,136]; Cyclin D1, DJ-1, and NOTCH1 are early markers found in pre-malignant epithelium [47,48,129,186]; and PTEN, HRAS, and STAT3 are markers of treatment resistance with potential as therapeutic targets in combination therapies [68,70,104,105,119,120].