Plasma-derived exosomal miRNAs such as miR-141 and miR-375 have been repeatedly associated with metastatic and castration-resistant disease, while urinary exosomal lncRNAs such as PCA3 and PCAT-1, and protein cargo such as PSMA, have demonstrated utility in distinguishing PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia. This evidence concerns the gene FOLH1 and posterior cortical atrophy.