TNF and cancer: Notably, KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that CUR’s potential therapeutic targets for ulcerative colitis are significantly enriched in pathways such as TNF, IL-17, and PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint pathways related to cancer immunity, lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, as well as infection- and immunity-associated pathways including tuberculosis, human cytomegalovirus infection, hepatitis B, and acute myeloid leukemia (Figure 3D).